What’s in a Name? True Sandalwood and those called sandalwood By Cherie Manzano
- Aromatika Magazine
- Jul 18
- 2 min read
Pg. 16-26 10-minute read
Sandalwood is prized not only for its luxurious aroma but also for its extensive use in traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Unani, and Tibetan medicine. Scientific studies highlight its wide-ranging pharmacological benefits including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, neuroleptic, and anticancer properties. As one of the most sought-after essential oils in aromatherapy, sandalwood's therapeutic properties make it a cornerstone in holistic wellness. However, the effectiveness and safety of the oil largely depend on the species and plant parts used, with growing concerns about adulteration and overharvesting due to its popularity.
The term "sandalwood" applies to many species, but not all provide the true therapeutic benefits attributed to the Santalum genus. The heartwood, which contains the highly valued santalols used in essential oil distillation, only forms under specific growing conditions that require host plants, as sandalwoods are hemiparasitic. Other parts of the tree—bark, leaves, fruit, and seeds—have also been used medicinally. Sandalwood seed oil is emerging as a novel carrier oil in aromatherapy, while the sapwood and spent heartwood continue to be used for incense and cosmetics. Understanding the anatomy and botanical structure of the tree is key to appreciating its multifaceted value in both wellness and commerce.
True sandalwood primarily comes from species in the Santalum genus, with Santalum album (Indian sandalwood) being the most prized. These species are spread across regions from India to the Pacific Islands, including Australia, Hawaii, and parts of Southeast Asia. Due to rampant overharvesting, especially of S. album, the species is now considered vulnerable, prompting strict regulations and conservation efforts. With rising global demand, pressure has shifted to other island species like S. yasi and S. ellipticum, many of which are now endangered or on the IUCN Red List. This highlights the urgent need for sustainable harvesting and accurate botanical identification to preserve sandalwood’s legacy and therapeutic promise.
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